Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering

Supplies: p-n junction diode — basic concept, forward bias, reverse bias; diode as a switch and rectifier; half-wave and full-wave bridge rectifier; filter capacitor; Zener diode voltage regulator; LED and photodiode (what they do); applications: DC power supply for control panels and PLC units, indicator LEDs in machinery, photoelectric sensors in conveyor lines, regulated supply for field instruments

BJT — Construction & VI characteristics of BJT, NPN transistor concept; saturation and cut-off (switch operation); transistor driving a relay; Introduction to FETs, MOSFET as a switch (basic idea); transistor/MOSFET in PWM motor speed control; optocoupler — concept and use for isolation; applications: transistor relay driver in industrial control circuits, MOSFET in VFD gate drive (concept), optocoupler isolating PLC output from high-power load, solid-state relay (SSR)

Types of sensors — temperature (thermistor, PT100, thermocouple), pressure (strain gauge, piezoresistive), displacement (LVDT concept), proximity (inductive, capacitive, IR); Wheatstone bridge for sensor measurement; op-amp as non-inverting amplifier and comparator for signal conditioning; analog signal (4–20 mA, 0–10V) and why it is used in industry; applications: temperature control in chemical reactors, pressure monitoring in process plants, proximity sensor in textile loom, structural tilt sensor in civil engineering

Logic levels and digital signals; basic gates — AND, OR, NOT, NAND (truth table only); Boolean expression for simple industrial logic (e.g. motor ON when switch A AND NOT emergency stop); ADC concept — converting sensor analog output to digital; microcontroller overview (Arduino/PLC concept) — inputs, outputs, program logic; display devices — LCD and 7-segment (what they show); applications: digital readout of temperature/pressure on plant display, automated ON/OFF control logic, PLC ladder logic concept

Introduction to PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) — what it does, inputs, outputs, ladder logic concept; Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) electronics — rectifier, DC bus, inverter stage (block diagram only); SCADA and HMI — concept of remote monitoring; wireless sensor networks in industry — concept of industrial IoT (IIoT); smart manufacturing electronics — condition monitoring sensor nodes, vibration sensors on motors;