Fundamental of Thermodynamics

Fundamental Concepts and Definitions: Introduction and basic concepts: system, control volume, surrounding, boundaries, universe, types of systems, macroscopic and microscopic viewpoints, concept of continuum, thermodynamic equilibrium, state, property, process, exact & inexact differentials, cycle reversibility quasi-static process, irreversible process, causes of irreversibility, energy and its forms, work and heat (sign convention), Helmholtz & Gibb’s function.

Zeroth law of thermodynamics: Concept of temperature scales and its measurements. First law of thermodynamics: Thermodynamic definition of work, displacement work and flow work, displacement work for various non-flow processes, Joule’s experiment, first law analysis for closed system (non-flow processes), internal energy and enthalpy, limitations of first law of thermodynamics, PMM-1 and its applications, steady flow systems and their analysis, steady flow energy equation, boilers, condensers, turbine, throttling process, pumps.

Second law of thermodynamics: Thermal reservoirs, energy conversion, heat engines, efficiency, reversed heat engine, heat pump, refrigerator, coefficient of performance, Kelvin-Plank and Clausius statements and their equivalence, Carnot’s theorem, Carnot cycle and Carnot engine, PMM-2. Entropy: Clausius inequality, concept of entropy, entropy change of pure substance in different thermodynamic processes, T-ds equation, principle of entropy increase, T-s diagram, statement of the third law of thermodynamics, available and unavailable energy, availability and irreversibility, second law efficiency.

Properties of steam: Property of pure substance (steam), triple point, critical point, saturation states, sub-cooled liquid state & superheated vapor state, phase transformation process of water, p-T & p-v diagrams, T-s and h-s diagrams, use of property diagram, dryness factor and its measurement, processes involving steam in closed and open systems. Rankine cycle: Principle of Rankine cycle, working, application and limitations of Rankine cycle.

Boilers: Classifications and working of boilers, air pre-heater, feed water heater, super heater. boiler efficiency, equivalent evaporation, boiler trial and heat balance. Draught and its calculations: Working principle of draught, types of draught, evaluation of draught height, diameter and other parameters. Condenser: Working principle, classification, performance and other parameters of condenser.