Elementary Agriculture & Surveying and Levelling

Introduction to soils, Nature and origin of soil, Soil forming rocks and minerals, their classification and composition, Classification of soils, Soil taxonomy orders, Important soil physical properties; and their importance, Soil particle distribution, Soil Organic Matter-Its composition and decomposition, effect on soil fertility, Essential plants nutrients. Functions and deficiency symptoms in plants, important inorganic fertilizers and their reactions in soils.

Definition and scope of agronomy ,Classification of crops, Principles of tillage, water requirement of crops, Crop rotation ,Cropping systems ,Relay cropping ,Mixed cropping, Organic farming-Sustainable agriculture. Soil water plant relationship, crop coefficients, critical stages for irrigation. Scope of horticultural and vegetable crops, Soil and climatic requirements for fruits, Soil and climatic requirements for Vegetables, Soil and climatic requirements for Floriculture crops, High-tech horticulture- Polyhouses for flowers and vegetables.

Principle and basic concepts of surveying. Plans and maps. Classification of surveying. Basic measurements. Units of measurement. Types of Scales, Principle of chain surveying. Types of Chains. Types of Ranging and Chaining. Chain and tape errors & corrections. Cross Staff, Optical Square, Prism Square. Obstacles in chaining and ranging.

Methods of traversing. Prismatic compass. Surveyors compass. Angle and bearing, Quadrantal system, Local attraction, Dip of angle. Magnetic declination, plotting a traverse survey, Errors In compass survey. Plane tabling instruments and accessories, Methods and principal, Two points problem, Three points problem, Errors in plane tabling, Computation of areas methods.

Definition, Basic principal of levelling, Benchmark, Types of levels optical, Levelling staff, Temporary adjustment, Permanent adjustment of levels, Field book entries, Types of levelling, Simple, differential levelling, reciprocal levelling, & profile levelling, Theodolite traversing, Theodolite Surveying, Ranging by theodolite. Temporary & Permanent adjustment of theodolite.