BP605T

Pharmaceutical Analysis (Theory)

L-T-P3-0-0 Credits3 Session2026-27 TypeTheory
Appears in 1 semester

B.Pharm · Sem 6 (Core)

Syllabus

5 units · 45 lecture hours
Unit1

Unit 1: Electrochemical Methods of analysis

10 hrs
  • Potentiometry: Electrode potential, electrochemical cell, construction and working of reference and indicator electrodes including membrane electrodes, measurement of potential and pH, potentiometric titrations, methods of detecting end point and Karl Fischer titration.
  • Conductometry: Introduction, conductivity cell, conductometric titrations and applications.
  • Polarography: Introduction, residual current, migration current, diffusion current and limiting current, DME, applications.
Unit2

Unit 2: Spectroscopy

10 hrs
  • Fundamentals of Spectroscopy: Properties of electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic spectrum.
  • UV Visible spectroscopy: and deviations. Electronic transitions, chromophores, auxochromes, spectral shifts, solvent effect on absorption spectra, Instrumentation - Sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, sample cells, detectors (Photo tube, Photomultiplier tube, Photo voltaic cell, Silicon Photodiode). Applications - single and multi-component analysis of pharmaceuticals.
  • IR spectroscopy: Introduction, fundamental modes of vibrations in poly atomic molecules, factors affecting vibrations, Instrumentation of dispersive Infrared spectrophotometer (including sample handling Techniques) and FTIR. Pharmaceutical applications.
Unit3

Unit 3: Fluorometric Analysis

7 hrs
  • Theory, luminescence, factors affecting fluorescence, quenching. Instrumentation and pharmaceutical applications.
  • Flame Photometry and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: Theory, nebulisation, flame and flame temperature, interferences, instrumentation and pharmaceutical applications.
  • Nepheloturbidometry: Principle, instrumentation and applications.
Unit4

Unit 4: Introduction to Chromatographic Techniques

8 hrs
  • Principle, various stationary and mobile phases, diverse development and detection techniques and applications of column, paper and thin layer chromatography.
  • Ion-exchange chromatography: Introduction, principles, types of ions exchange resins, factors affecting ion exchange, methodology and applications.
  • Gel filtration and affinity chromatography: Principles and applications.
  • Electrophoresis: Introduction, factors affecting electrophoretic mobility, Techniques of paper, gel, capillary electrophoresis, applications.
Unit5

Unit 5

10 hrs
  • Gas chromatography: Introduction, theory, instrumentation, derivatization, temperature programming, advantages, disadvantages and applications
  • High performance liquid chromatography: Introduction, theory, instrumentation, advantages and applications.
  • HPTLC: Principle, instrumentation and applications.
Course Objectives6 points
  • The objectives of this course are to:
  • Understand the interaction of matter with electromagnetic radiation and its application in spectroscopic methods for pharmaceutical drug analysis.
  • Study the principles, instrumentation, and pharmaceutical applications of electroanalytical techniques such as potentiometry, conductometry, polarography, and amperometry.
  • Understand and apply various chromatographic and electrophoretic separation techniques used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs.
  • Impart knowledge of instrumental methods used for accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical substances.
  • Develop the ability to select, optimize, and validate suitable analytical techniques, interpret analytical data.
Course Outcomes (COs)5 outcomes

After completion of the course student will be able to:

  1. CO1Explain the theoretical basis of electrochemical methods (potentiometry, conductometry, polarography, amperometry) and spectroscopic techniques (UV- Visible, IR, fluorometry, atomic absorption).
  2. CO2Explain the instruments involved in electroanalytical and spectroscopic methods.
  3. CO3Describe the principles, instrumentation, and applications of various chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques.
  4. CO4Select suitable analytical techniques for specific pharmaceutical analysis requirements.
  5. CO5Analyze, interpret, and report analytical data accurately and draw meaningful conclusions.
Recommended References (Preferably latest editions):6 books
  1. Braun, R. D. Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science. McGraw-Hill.
  2. Dyer, J. R. Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules. Prentice Hall.
  3. Harvey, D. Modern Analytical Chemistry. McGraw-Hill.
  4. Sharma, Y. R. Organic Spectroscopy. S. Chand.
  5. Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J. and Crouch, S. R. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. Cengage Learning.
  6. Watson, D. G. Pharmaceutical Analysis. Elsevier. Course Title Course Type

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Official AKTU syllabus

This subject is on page 161, 162, 163, 164 of the original AKTU PDF.

Official AKTU syllabus PDF ↗